Succinic semialdehyde

Succinic semialdehyde
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 4-Oxobutanoic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	692-29-5 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:16265 ;
ChemSpider	1080 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.155.728
KEGG	C00232 ;
MeSH	Succinic+semialdehyde
PubChem CID	1112;
UNII	M73BX3CPMU ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID00219231 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H6O3/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h3H,1-2H2,(H,6,7) Key: UIUJIQZEACWQSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C4H6O3/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h3H,1-2H2,(H,6,7) Key: UIUJIQZEACWQSV-UHFFFAOYAS;
	SMILES O=CCCC(=O)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C4H6O3
Molar mass	102.089 g/mol
Appearance	oil
Boiling point	135 °C (275 °F; 408 K) at 14 mmHg
Solubility in water	soluble in water, ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Succinic semialdehyde (SSA) is a GABA and GHB metabolite. It is formed from GABA by the action of GABA transaminase (4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase) and further oxidised to become succinic acid, which enters TCA cycle. SSA is oxidized into succinic acid by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which uses NAD⁺ as a cofactor.^[2] ^[3] When the oxidation of succinic semialdehyde to succinic acid is impaired, accumulation of succinic semialdehyde takes place which leads to succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.^[3]

In addition to the pathway involving GABA transaminase, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) can also be metabolized to SSA via GHB dehydrogenase or by GHB transhydrogenase (D-2-hydroxyglutarate transhydrogenase).^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

References[edit]

^ Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 3–446, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2
^ Peng, Qi; Yang, Min; Wang, Wei; Han, Lili; Wang, Guannan; Wang, Pengyue; Zhang, Jie; Song, Fuping (2014-12-20). "Activation of gab cluster transcription in Bacillus thuringiensis by γ-aminobutyric acid or succinic semialdehyde is mediated by the Sigma 54-dependent transcriptional activator GabR". BMC Microbiology. 14 (1): 306. doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0306-3. ISSN 1471-2180. PMC 4279683. PMID 25527261.
^ ^a ^b Struys, E. A.; Jansen, E. E. W.; Gibson, K. M.; Jakobs, C. (December 2005). "Determination of the GABA analogue succinic semialdehyde in urine and cerebrospinal fluid by dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Application to SSADH deficiency". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 28 (6): 913–920. doi:10.1007/s10545-005-0111-0. ISSN 0141-8955. PMID 16435183. S2CID 9956364.
^ Busardò FP, Jones AW (January 2015). "GHB pharmacology and toxicology: acute intoxication, concentrations in blood and urine in forensic cases and treatment of the withdrawal syndrome". Current Neuropharmacology. 13 (1): 47–70. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210215423. PMC 4462042. PMID 26074743.
^ Felmlee MA, Morse BL, Morris ME (January 2021). "γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicology". The AAPS Journal. 23 (1): 22. doi:10.1208/s12248-020-00543-z. PMC 8098080. PMID 33417072.
^ Taxon ES, Halbers LP, Parsons SM (May 2020). "Kinetics aspects of Gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase". Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Proteins and Proteomics. 1868 (5): 140376. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140376. PMID 31981617.
^ Kamal RM, van Noorden MS, Franzek E, Dijkstra BA, Loonen AJ, De Jong CA (March 2016). "The Neurobiological Mechanisms of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Dependence and Withdrawal and Their Clinical Relevance: A Review". Neuropsychobiology. 73 (2): 65–80. doi:10.1159/000443173. PMID 27003176.

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[hand-1] Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 3–446, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2

[2] Peng, Qi; Yang, Min; Wang, Wei; Han, Lili; Wang, Guannan; Wang, Pengyue; Zhang, Jie; Song, Fuping (2014-12-20). "Activation of gab cluster transcription in Bacillus thuringiensis by γ-aminobutyric acid or succinic semialdehyde is mediated by the Sigma 54-dependent transcriptional activator GabR". BMC Microbiology. 14 (1): 306. doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0306-3. ISSN 1471-2180. PMC 4279683. PMID 25527261.

[:0-3] Struys, E. A.; Jansen, E. E. W.; Gibson, K. M.; Jakobs, C. (December 2005). "Determination of the GABA analogue succinic semialdehyde in urine and cerebrospinal fluid by dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Application to SSADH deficiency". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 28 (6): 913–920. doi:10.1007/s10545-005-0111-0. ISSN 0141-8955. PMID 16435183. S2CID 9956364.

[pmid26074743-4] Busardò FP, Jones AW (January 2015). "GHB pharmacology and toxicology: acute intoxication, concentrations in blood and urine in forensic cases and treatment of the withdrawal syndrome". Current Neuropharmacology. 13 (1): 47–70. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210215423. PMC 4462042. PMID 26074743.

[pmid33417072-5] Felmlee MA, Morse BL, Morris ME (January 2021). "γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicology". The AAPS Journal. 23 (1): 22. doi:10.1208/s12248-020-00543-z. PMC 8098080. PMID 33417072.

[pmid31981617-6] Taxon ES, Halbers LP, Parsons SM (May 2020). "Kinetics aspects of Gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase". Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Proteins and Proteomics. 1868 (5): 140376. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140376. PMID 31981617.

[pmid27003176-7] Kamal RM, van Noorden MS, Franzek E, Dijkstra BA, Loonen AJ, De Jong CA (March 2016). "The Neurobiological Mechanisms of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Dependence and Withdrawal and Their Clinical Relevance: A Review". Neuropsychobiology. 73 (2): 65–80. doi:10.1159/000443173. PMID 27003176.

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