Samar Mubarakmand

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Dr. Samar Mubarakmand
ڈاکٹر ثمر مبارک مند
Mubarakmand in 1998
Born (1942-09-17) 17 September 1942 (age 81)
Rawalpindi, Punjab,
NationalityPakistani
Alma materGovernment College University
University of Oxford
Known forNuclear deterrence / Atomic program
Integrated missile program
Experimental Nuclear Physics / Nuclear Structure
Gamma ray spectrometer / Fast Neutron Physics
SpouseKhalida Samar
AwardsNishan-e-Imtiaz (2003)[1]
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)
Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1992)
Scientific career
FieldsNuclear Physics
InstitutionsPakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Government College University
Planning Commission
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology
Doctoral advisorD. H. Wilkinson

Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (Urdu: ثمر مبارک مند; b. 17 September 1942; NI, HI, SI, FPAS) is a Pakistani nuclear physicist known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and experimental development of the linear accelerator.[2]

His career is noted as being Pakistan's premium diagnostics scientist on nuclear weapons and eventually led as a test director for nuclear weapons testing in Ras Koh Range in Balochistan in Pakistan in 1998.[3]

Prior to that, he was the lead scientist on Pakistani military's Hatf Program, which he oversaw the development of Shaheen and the Babur programs, as Chairman of the National Engineering and Scientific Commission (Nescom) from 2001 until 2007. His career in the government continued when he was appointed as a science adviser in the federal Government of Pakistan to assist the Thar coalfield project. He is heading the Mineral Exploration work in district Chiniot as Chairman, Board of Directors Punjab Mineral Company, (Mines & Minerals Department) Government of Punjab. [4][5]

Biography[edit]

Early life and education[edit]

Samar Mubarakmand was born in Rawalpindi on 17 September 1942 to a Punjabi family from Hoshiarpur, East Punjab.[4] He gained his education in Lahore and matriculated from St. Anthony's High School in 1956.[4] After passing the university entrance exams, he enrolled at Government College University (GCU) where he studied physics under Tahir Hussain.[6] In 1960, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in physics with a concentration in experimental physics and a minor in mathematics.[7] During his college years, Mubarakmand was an avid swimmer and represented GCU at the National Games of Pakistan.[7]

He conducted research in experimental physics under Hussain and built an experimental apparatus for his master's thesis.[7] His thesis contained detailed work on gamma ray spectrometry and performed an experiment that was witnessed by nuclear physicist Denys Wilkinson as part of his master's program.[7] Wilkinson spoke highly of his work and invited Mubarakmand to visit Oxford University in the United Kingdom to resume studies in experimental physics.[7]

In 1962, Mubarakmand gained a Master of Science (MSc) in physics after publishing his thesis, "Construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer," under Hussain.[2] In 1962, he joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and gained a scholarship to study at Oxford University. Recommended by Wilkinson, he was admitted there and joined the group led by Wilkinson.[7] At Oxford Mubarakmand participated in preparing a 22 million volt particle accelerator and was part of the team that commissioned it.[8]

During his time at Oxford, Mubarakmand learned about linear accelerators, and after returning to Pakistan he built one.[8] Apart from studying, Mubarakamand played cricket and fast bowled for the Oxford University Cricket Club.[7] In 1966, Mubarakmand completed his doctoral thesis under Wilkinson and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in Experimental Nuclear Physics.[9][10][11]

On his return to Pakistan, he joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. From the experience he gained in the use of high energy accelerators, he converted a neutron generator available with PAEC, to study nuclear structure and fast neutron scattering.

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)[edit]

See also: Project-706

In the period 1966 to 1974, he advanced his research in fast neutron induced reactions and creation of experimental techniques for accurate neutron spectroscopy. This effort resulted in several publications in the Journals “Nuclear Physics” and “Nuclear Instrumentation and Methods” North Holland publications.[12]

From 1974 to 1977, he was posted as Director at Center for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP) at Government College University Lahore on temporary attachment. During his tenure as Director, he developed deep interest in the applications of Solid-State Track Detectors. He presented his work at an International Conference held at the Max Planck Institute, Munich, in 1976.[13] [14]

During the three-year period from 1977 to 1980, Dr. Mubarakmand had the opportunity of working on applications of different lasers and separation of isotopes of sulfur in sulfur hexafluoride. Dr. Mubarakmand pioneered an expertise in transmission of Fast Signals through Optical Fibers avoiding external interference from electromagnetic radiations on data transmission. This later led to the adoption of wide applications of Fiber Optic technology in communications throughout the country.[15]

1971 War and Atomic Bomb Project[edit]

In the decade of the 80’s, when PAEC was busy in developing several designs of nuclear devices, it was felt that these designs would have to be ratified through Cold Tests. Samar Mubarakmand, an experimental physicist was known for his expertise in the field of fast neutron spectrometry.

During his research in nuclear structure for his D.Phil. at Oxford, Mubarakmand developed and refined the technique for spectroscopy of fast neutrons released during the nuclear reactions under his study. This technique has direct applications in carrying out the cold tests of nuclear devices.

Dr. Mubarakmand, therefore, was Munir Khan, Chairman Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission’s first choice, to appoint him as head of the Diagnostic Group. [16]

My eyes were set on the mountain in which the test was to be conducted. I experienced a halt in my heartbeat on seeing nothing happening after 32 seconds. But all of a sudden it was a big jolt! We had triumphed....!

— Samar Mubarakmand's describing the blast yield in 1998., Cited source[17]

Several designs of nuclear devices were developed and high confidence in their performance assured through Cold Testing. Each of these tests involved detection and measurement of Fast Neutrons emitted in short sharp sub micro second bursts. Dr. Mubarakmand’s experience of earlier years of Fast Neutron Physics was now counting. All the available nuclear devices designed and developed were consequently Cold Tested and qualified. The Diagnostic Group also accomplished the important task of designing and manufacturing a neutron trigger source [18] based on fusion reactions. This neutron source would Trigger a nuclear device in a Hot Test.

From 1991 to 1994, Dr. Mubarakmand was given a higher responsibility to lead the Directorate of Technical Development (DTD). He supervised and modernized the method of working at his new assignment and within the short period of three years more efficient, powerful and compact nuclear devices were produced to meet the varied requirements of Pakistan’s Fighter Aircrafts as well as the upcoming delivery systems of different types. All the designs were ratified through Cold Testing by his previous diagnostic team.

After three years as Director DTD, Dr. Samar Mubarakmand was promoted as Director General DTD in 1994. In 1995, he was given the greater responsibility of Member Technical PAEC which he held till the year 2000. During the five year tenure, Dr. Mubarakmand, apart from looking after the classified side of the Technical Program of PAEC, also became responsible for the optimal functioning of the centers of Nuclear Medicine, Agriculture, PINSTECH and New Labs. At the last mentioned facility, Dr. Mubarakmand and an outstanding team of PAEC’s Scientists and Engineers were able to establish and commission Pakistan’s first reprocessing Plant for burnt reactor fuel. Thus, an important milestone of producing Metallic plutonium was achieved in the year 2000. [19]

Several areas were visited and studied with the help of Senior Geologists of the PAEC and finally the Chairman PAEC, Dr. Ishfaq Ahmed selected the Chaghai Site for conducting Pakistan’s Hot Tests at an appropriate time. Dr. Mubarakmand supervised the installation of Diagnostic Equipment and other facilities at the Site relevant to the safe conduction of the Nuclear Tests.

Pakistan’s Atomic Tests --- the Need:[edit]

India conducted its first Atomic Test Pokhran-I on 18th May 1974. The single test was claimed to have given a yield of 12 KT (TNT equivalent).[20] Pakistan at that time had no active Nuclear Weapons program. The fall of East Pakistan in December 1971 and subsequently India becoming a nuclear weapon state in May 1974 prompted a serious effort in Pakistan to go for nuclear weapons program.

In the twenty years since 1974, Pakistan was pursuing its nuclear program at a steady pace. Test tunnels at Chagai and Kharan had been completed and instrumentation installed for yield measurement. Several devices of different sizes and yields had been designed, manufactured and cold tested. Rigorous safety and environmental testing had resulted in reliable devices. Pakistan restrained itself from “Hot Tests” simply because it did not want to disturb the nuclear peace of the Sub-continent. With the Pokhran-II series of Indian tests, there was now an opportunity and moral justification for Pakistan to go for its own qualification of all weapon designs in actual Hot Tests at Chagai.

Pakistan’s Atomic Tests – May 28th & 30th 1998[edit]

On May 19, 1998, under the leadership of Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, two teams comprising 140 PAEC scientists, engineers, and technicians left for Chagai, Baluchistan. They included members of various specialized teams from the DTD, the Diagnostic Group and the Nuclear Metal Labs of PAEC. The nuclear devices were airlifted in semi-assembled form via transport aircraft from PAF base Chaklala, Rawalpindi, to Dalbandin Airfield.

At Ras Koh hills, Mubarakmand personally supervised the assembly of Five different nuclear devices which had to be tested. The diagnostic cables were laid from the zero room at the end of the tunnel to a strong bunker outside. In the event of a nuclear explosion, detectors placed in the zero room and its vicinity would transmit fast data through these cables and enable it to be recorded in the bunker and later analyzed to give the yield and quality of nuclear fission build up.

On May 25, 1998, soldiers of the Pakistan Army’s 12th Corps arrived to seal the tunnel, while the Pakistan Army Engineering Corps, the Frontier Works Organization, and the SDW supervised the work. Mubarakmand himself walked a total of 9 km back and forth in the suffocating hot tunnels to check and recheck the devices and the cables. Finally, the cables were connected to the nuclear devices and the process of sealing the tunnels began. A total of 6,000 cement bags were mixed with appropriate amount of sand and concrete. The resulting mix was used to create strong plugs along the length of the tunnel at suitable points. On the evening of May 26 the tunnels were sealed and plugged.

By the following day the concrete had entirely solidified owing to the extreme heat. It was decided that Pakistan’s first nuclear hot tests would be conducted at 3:00 p.m. on May 28, 1998. A remote-controlled detonation station was established about 15 Km away from the tunnel mouth to initiate the nuclear detonation.

At 2:30 in the afternoon of May 28, an Mi-17 army helicopter arrived at the site, carrying a team of observers and guests including Ahmad, A. Q. Khan, and four other KRL officials, including Fakhar Hashmi, Javed Arshad Mirza, and M. Nasim Khan. A Pakistan Army team headed by Zulfiqar Ali Khan accompanied them. When Dr. A. Q. Khan entered the command vehicle and asked Dr. Mubarakmand, “Which button is to be pushed?” Mubarakmand replied that the man who will have this honor has already been selected. He is the engineer who commissioned the remote control system.

When the all-clear signal was given, Muhammad Arshad, a young Chief Scientific Officer of the DTD, who had designed the detonation mechanism for the test, stepped forward. At exactly 3:16 p.m. he pushed the button. There was no count down, only “Allah-u- Akbar” was said. This activated the computerized control system that closed the safety switches one by one and finally ignited the detonators. Thirty two seconds later the earth in and around Ras Koh Hills trembled and the mountain shook and turned white.

“The Nuclear Weapons program which started 24 years back in 1974, had matured through the leadership of Mr. Munir Ahmed Khan initially and then Dr. Ishfaq Ahmed and finally Dr. Samar Mubarakmand and one may now conclude that PAEC as an organization has proven to be the pride of the Pakistani nation”, DTD.

The Pakistani Foreign Ministry would later describe the Chagai tests as “Pakistan’s Finest Hour.” Pakistan had become the world’s seventh nuclear power and the first nuclear weapon state in the Muslim world. On Saturday, May 30, 1998, Pakistan conducted its sixth nuclear test at 1:10 p.m. PST in the Kharan Desert. Each year May 28 is celebrated across the country as “Youm-e-Takbeer” (Day of Allah’s greatness). [21]

Government work and political advocacy[edit]

Space programme[edit]

In 1990s, Mubarakmand took special initiatives in the advancement of the space program and led a team of engineers to successfully develop the Shaheen-I missile.[22] He was the founding director of the National Defence Complex (NDC) bureau that initiated the work on the Shaheen-I and gathered support for the program.[23] Necessary funding for the program was secured by the military. Mubarakmand oversaw the development of the solid-fuel rocket booster.[23] Initiated in 1987 by the Pakistan Ministry of Defence in response to India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, Pakistan's spin-off missile program was aggressively pursued by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1993.[23] The Shaheen-I missile was successfully test fired in 1999 by a team of engineers led by Mubarakmand.[23] Key strategic weapon systems, such as the Babur and Ghaznavi missiles, were also built by his team.[24]

In 2008, Mubarakmand joined the Planning Commission of Pakistan where he strongly advocated for peaceful usage of their space program. In 2009, he revealed the work on Paksat-1R, the nation's first geostationary satellite that was launched in 2011.[25]

The satellite was described as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and quoted that there were sufficient funds for the defence, nuclear and space programs.[26] The satellite was launched in 2011 from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China.[27] His relations with Abdul Qadeer Khan often remained tense over several scientific issues. He sees Mubarakmand as "no authority over materials as he is an expert on electromagnetism."[28]

Thar Coal project[edit]

Main articles: Thar coalfield and Reko Diq

In 2013, Mubarakmand assisted the Provincial Government of Balochistan in mineral extraction.[29] He lobbied heavily for the implementation of the Thar coal project initiated by the Provincial Government of Sindh despite strong public criticism by Abdul Qadeer Khan, which described it as "intellectual dishonesty".[28] In 2015, a breakthrough in the Thar coal project was reported by the media.[5] According to Dr Samar, a massive coal reserve in Thar can provide affordable power for the next 600 years. When speaking to a large crowd at Cadet College Fateh Jang, he said that he had developed a solution to the growing power outage and was now waiting for the government to put it into action. [1]

Misstatements[edit]

The Tethyan Cooper Company (TCC) has approached the High Court of Justice in the British Virgin Islands for the enforcement of the $5.97 billion award against Pakistan by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in the Reko Diq case in Dec-20.[30]

A senior official revealed that the "misstatement" of scientist, Dr Samar Mubarakmand before the Supreme Court tribunal, in 2011, was one of the main reasons behind the Supreme Court Decision On 7 January 2013, when a three-member bench of the apex court, headed by then Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, declared Chejva "illegal, void" and non-binding, causing ICSID slapping the heavy penalty on Pakistan. Dr Samar had claimed that the Reko Diq gold mines would fetch the country around $2.5 billion annually. He had also maintained Reko Diq and other gold reserves in the country will bring in $131 billion to the national exchequer. The tribunal relied on his statement.[31] [32] [33]

[30]

State honours[edit]

Mubarakmand has been conferred with state honors for his services to the country by the Government of Pakistan. He is the recipient of the: Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993); Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998); and the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003), which is the highest civil honor of Pakistan.[4][34] In addition, he is a Fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), inducted by Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad in 2000.[4]

Scientific journals and papers[edit]

Conference papers[edit]

  • "A Science Oddyssey: Pakistans Nuclear Emergence", Samar Mubarakmand, Khalil Qureshi, Masoor Beg, Masud Ahmad.

Research publications[edit]

  • Aspects of a-emission from the bombardment of 58Ni with 14.7 MeV neutrons, by Naeem Ahmad Khan, Samar Mubarakmand and Masud Ahmed, journal of Nuclear physics, PINSTECH.
  • Cross-section measurements with a neutron generator by Samar Mubarakmand, Masud Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. S. Chaudhry.
  • Some characteristic differences between the etch pits due to 86Rn and 232 Th α particles in CA80–15 and LR–115 cellulose nitrate track detectors, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhary, Samar Mubarakmand, F. I. Nagi and A.Waheed, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1977).
  • Application of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in the measurement of the + particle fission cross–section of uranium, by Samar Mubarakmand, K. Rashid, P. Chaudhry and Hameed Ahmad Khan, Methods of Nuclear Instrumentation. (1977)
  • Etching of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in aqueous solutions of (4NH)2HF, NaOH and KOH, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, R. A. Akbar, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and Samar Mubarakmand, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1978).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Awards for civilians announced". Dawn. 14 August 2003. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b Butt, N.M. (25 August 2002). "Nuclear Radiation & Nuclear Science & Technology in Pakistan". Debrecen, Hungary: N.M. Butt international Congress on Radiation Education. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  3. ^ Sheikh, F.D. (9 July 2009). "The galaxy of Pakistani scientists:Eminent scientists in the field of Physics; Dr Samar Mubarakmand". F.D. Sheikh. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Samar Mubarakmand". Pakistan Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  5. ^ a b Kiani, Khaliq (4 June 2015). "Breakthrough in coal power". Dawn News, Kiani. Dawn News. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  6. ^ Asim, Khalid Mahmood. "Famous Scientists". Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Hassan, Osama. "An Interview with Dr. Samar Mubarakmand". Nust Science Society. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  8. ^ a b Planning Commission (26 December 2008). "Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (N.I, H.I, S.I)". Islamabad Pakistan: Computer Center of Planning Commission of Pakistan. Planning Commission. p. 1. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  9. ^ Shaikh, F.D. "The galaxy of Pakistani scientists". Special report, Jang. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  10. ^ "Dr. Samar Mubarakmand". Pakistan Herald.
  11. ^ Nust Science Society, 2012 (29 August 2012). "Dr. Samar Mubarakmand". Nust Science Society, 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a) A Fast Neutron Time-of-Flight Spectrometer - S. Mubarakmand, N.A. Khan and P.K.Maher - Nuclear Instruments and Methods 86 (1970) 149-155 b) Neutron Detection Efficiency of an Organic Scintillator - S. Mubarakmand and M. Anwar - Nuclear Instruments and Methods 93 (1971) 515-518 c) Aspects of α-Emission from the Bombardment of 58Ni with 14.7 MeV Neutrons - N.A Khan, S. Mubarakmand and Mahmud Ahmad - Nuclear Physics A202 (1973) 123-126 d) Cross-Section Measurements with a Neutron Generator - S. Mubarakmand, M. Ahmad, M. Anwar and M.S. Chaudhry - Nuclear Instruments and Methods 115 (1974) 345-347
  13. ^ a) Absolute Determination of Uranium Concentration in Rocks by Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy S. Mubarakmand, Parvez Chaudhary and F.I. Nagi Nuclear Instruments and Methods 140 (1977) 133.135 b) Application of Glass Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors in the Measurement of the Charged Particle Fission Cross-Section of Uranium - S. Mubarakmand, Khalid Rashid, Parvez Chaudhary and Hameed A. Khan Nuclear Instruments and Methods 147 (1977) 279-281 c) Etching of Glass Sold State Nuclear Track Detectors in Aqueous Solutions of (NH4) HF2, NaOH and KOH - Hameed A. Khan, R.A. Akber, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and S. Mubarakmand Int. Journal on Applied Radiation and Isotopes. Vol. 29 (1978) pp.229-232. d) Some Characteristic Differences Between the Etch Pits due to Radon and Thoron Alpha Particles in CA80-115 and LR-115 Cellulose Nitrate Track Detectors - S. Mubarakmand Int. Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 1977, Vol. 28, pp 727-731
  14. ^ a) New Etchants for Soda Lime Glass Track Detectors Hameed A. Khan, R.A Akber, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and S. Mubarakmand Proceedings of 9th Int. Conf. on SSNTD (Munich 1976) edited by F. Granzfer, E. Schopper, Pergamon Press (1978) b) The use of CA80-15 and LR-115 Cellulose Nitrate Track Detectors for Discrimination Between Radon and Thoron. H.A. Khan, R.A Akber, A. Waheed, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhry, S. Mubarakmand and F.I. Nagi. - Proceedings of 9th Inter. Conf. on SSTND (Munich 1976) edited by F. Granzer, E. Schopper and H.G Paretzche, Pergamon Press (1978) c) The Measurement of Helium-Ion-Induced Fission Cross-Section of Uranium by Glass Track Detectors - S. Mubarakmand, P. Chaudhry, K. Rashid, R.A. Akber and H.A Khan - Proceedings of 9th Inter. Conf. on SSTND (Munich 1976) edited by F. Granzer, E. Schopper and H.G Paretzche, Pergamon Press (1978)
  15. ^ Transmission of Fast Interference Free Signals Through Optical Fibers. Award of Sitara-i-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan 1992 to Dr. Samar Mubarakmand
  16. ^ 12.Pakistan's Pathway to the Bomb - Ambitions, Politics, and Rivalries - Georgetown University Press (2022), Chapter 8, “The Cold Tests: Taking the Gadget for a Ride” Page 194, Dr. Mansoor Ahmed
  17. ^ (NPT), Nazari-a-Pakistan. "Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand". Khalid Mahmood Asim. Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust and Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu). Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  18. ^ 13. Pakistan's Pathway to the Bomb - Ambitions, Politics, and Rivalries - Georgetown University Press (2022), Chapter 8, “The Cold Tests: Taking the Gadget for a Ride” Page 190, Dr. Mansoor Ahmed
  19. ^ 14. Pakistan's Pathway to the Bomb - Ambitions, Politics, and Rivalries - Georgetown University Press (2022) Conclusion, pages 258,260, Dr. Mansoor Ahmed and Wikipedia Profile Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, “1971 War and Atomic Bomb Project” Link; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_Mubarakmand
  20. ^ 15.List of Nuclear Weapons Tests of India – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_India
  21. ^ 16.Pakistan's Pathway to the Bomb - Ambitions, Politics, and Rivalries-Georgetown University Press (2022), Chapter 9, “Turning a Mountain White: Pakistan’s Finest Hour” page 236-240, Dr. Mansoor Ahmed
  22. ^ NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiative; Lexis-Nexis. "See: 17 December 2003 (Pakistan to Test Latest Engine for Ghauri IV Missile)". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  23. ^ a b c d Khalid, Hanif (19 April 1999). "How Shaheen Was Developed". Khalid Hanif, special report on Jang, published by FAS. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  24. ^ Samar Mubarak Mand (2006). Samar Mubarakmand- Babur Cruise Missile (TV-Series). Islamabad: Geo TV.
  25. ^ The Staff Reporter (18 August 2009). "Pakistan's first satellite to be launch on April 2011: Dr. Samar". The News International. Islamabad: The news international. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  26. ^ "Launch Vehicles: Pakistan Shaheen-III Space Booster Development". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  27. ^ APP (11 August 2011). "Pakistan's First Communications Satellite PakSat-1R Launched". Dawn, 2011. Dawn. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  28. ^ a b "Dr. Samar's intellectual dishonesty ruins Thar Coal Project: Dr. Qadir". The News Tribe. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  29. ^ "Balochistan set to undertake Reko Diq project". The Nation. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  30. ^ a b "Mining firm moves Virgin Islands court for enforcement of Reko Diq award against Pakistan". Dawn News. Dawn News. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  31. ^ "Reko Diq case:Ex-CJP's verdict costs Pakistan $6b". The Express Tribune. The Express Tribune. 14 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  32. ^ "Reko Diq mines: Pakistan can earn $2b a year, scientist tells court". The Express Tribune. The Express Tribune. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  33. ^ "Magic mountains: The Reko Diq gold and copper mining project". Herald. The Express Herald. 29 September 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  34. ^ Asim, Khalid Mahmood. "Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand". Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu). K.M. Asim. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2016.

Biographical annotations[edit]

*Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012). Eating grass the making of the Pakistani bomb. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0804784801. Retrieved 2 June 2015.

External links[edit]

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