Portal:Soviet Union

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UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Introduction Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1 The flag of the Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was the largest country in the world by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing land borders with twelve countries. A successor state to the Russian Empire, the country was nominally organized as a federal union of fifteen national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR; in practice both its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was the world's third-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it was a flagship communist state. Its capital as well its largest city was Moscow. Other highly urbanized centers were Leningrad, Kiev, Tashkent and Baku. The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917, which saw the Bolsheviks overthrow the Russian Provisional Government that formed earlier that year following the February Revolution that had dissolved the Russian Empire. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The revolution was not accepted by all within the Russian Republic, resulting in the Russian Civil War between the Bolsheviks and the anti-communist Whites. As the war progressed in the Bolsheviks' favor, the RSFSR began to incorporate land acquired from the war into various puppet states, which were merged into the Soviet Union in December 1922. Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power, inaugurating a period of rapid industrialization and forced collectivization that led to significant economic growth, but also contributed to a famine between 1930 and 1933 that killed millions. The forced labour camp system of the Gulag was also expanded in this period. During the late 1930s, Stalin conducted the Great Purge to remove actual and perceived opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact despite their ideological incongruence; nonetheless, in 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers in 1945, suffering an estimated 27 million casualties, which accounted for the majority of Allied losses. In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the Red Army, forming various satellite states, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a superpower. Following World War II, ideological tensions with the United States eventually led to the Cold War. The American-led Western Bloc coalesced into NATO in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, commonly known as the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. Neither side ever engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought on an ideological basis and through proxy wars. In 1953, following Stalin's death, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of de-Stalinization under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused tensions with Communist China. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union rapidly expanded its efforts in space exploration and took an early lead in the Space Race with the first artificial satellite, the first human spaceflight, the first space station, and the first probe to land on another planet (Venus). The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into full-scale nuclear war. The 1970s saw a brief détente in the Soviet Union's relationship with the United States, but tensions emerged again following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. From 1985, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform the country through his policies of glasnost and perestroika. In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes, and nationalist and separatist movements erupted across the entire Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to reform and preserve the country as a renewed federation, an attempted coup d'état against Gorbachev by hardline communists prompted the three most populous and economically developed republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede from the Union. On December 26, Gorbachev officially recognized the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the Russian Federation, which became the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent post-Soviet states. During its existence, the Soviet Union produced many significant social and technological achievements and innovations. It had the world's second-largest economy and largest standing military. An NPT-designated state, it wielded the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. As an Allied nation, it was a founding member of the United Nations as well as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the Global South), military and economic strengths, and scientific accomplishments. (Full article...) Recognized article - Entries here consist of Good and Featured articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards. Operation Uranus (Russian: Опера́ция «Ура́н», romanized: Operatsiya "Uran") was the codename of the Soviet Red Army's 19–23 November 1942 strategic operation on the Eastern Front of World War II which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad: the German Sixth Army, the Third and Fourth Romanian armies, and portions of the German Fourth Panzer Army. The Red Army carried out the operation at roughly the midpoint of the five-month long Battle of Stalingrad, aiming to destroy German forces in and around Stalingrad. Planning for Operation Uranus had commenced in September 1942, and developed simultaneously with plans to envelop and destroy German Army Group Center (Operation Mars) and German forces in the Caucasus. Due to the length of the front lines created by the German 1942 summer offensive, which had aimed at taking the Caucasus oil fields and the city of Stalingrad, German and other Axis forces were over-extended. The German decision to transfer several mechanized divisions from the Soviet Union to Western Europe exacerbated their situation. Furthermore, Axis units in the area were depleted by months of fighting, especially those which had taken part in the struggle for Stalingrad. The Germans could only count on the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps, which had the strength of a single panzer division, and the 29th Panzergrenadier Division as reserves to bolster their Romanian allies guarding the German Sixth Army's flanks. These Romanian armies lacked the heavy equipment to deal with Soviet armor. In contrast, the Red Army deployed over one million personnel for the offensive. Soviet troop movements were not without problems: concealing their build-up proved difficult, and Soviet units commonly arrived late due to logistical issues. Operation Uranus was first postponed by the Soviet high command (Stavka) from 8 to 17 November, then to 19 November. (Full article...) List of recognized articles Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union) Katyn massacre Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250 Bezhin Meadow Tear down this wall! Battle of Moscow T-34 Tupolev Tu-142 Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev Second Battle of Kharkov Transport in the Soviet Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962 Winter War First Nagorno-Karabakh War 2nd Red Banner Army Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Laika Battle of Radzymin (1920) 68th Mountain Rifle Division 5th Mechanised Corps (Soviet Union) Deportation of the Crimean Tatars History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) Lavochkin La-7 Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin Katyusha rocket launcher Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev Continuation War Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union) Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union) Lysenkoism Soviet–Albanian split Raid on Constanța Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union History of computing in the Soviet Union Mir Sputnik 1 Punch-up in Piestany Solaris (1972 film) Background of the Winter War Transport in the Soviet Union Welles Declaration Zond 5 Tartu Offensive Swimming at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay Summit Series Selected picture A man sitting at a desk with a tag with Russian text on it. Originally a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin became Mikhail Gorbachev's political enemy, and later, the first President of the Russian Federation. Did you know... - ... that the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, first formed in 1920, has since been renamed three times, most recently as the Udmurt Republic in 1991? ... that the February 9, 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Central Powers that helped clear Bolshevik forces from Ukraine? ... that members of Sub-Carpathian Reformed Church were persecuted by communists in the Soviet Union and were sent to Gulag labour camps in Siberia? ... that Valentin Pavlov, the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union and de facto Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, was involved in the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt against Mikhail Gorbachev? Selected quote WikiProjects What are WikiProjects? Selected biography - Photo portrait, before 1951 Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess (16 April 1911 – 30 August 1963) was a British diplomat and Soviet double agent, and a member of the Cambridge Five spy ring that operated from the mid-1930s to the early years of the Cold War era. His defection in 1951 to the Soviet Union, with his fellow spy Donald Maclean, led to a serious breach in Anglo-United States intelligence co-operation, and caused long-lasting disruption and demoralisation in Britain's foreign and diplomatic services. Born into an upper middle class English family, Burgess was educated at Eton College, the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and Trinity College, Cambridge. An assiduous networker, he embraced left-wing politics at Cambridge and joined the British Communist Party. Burgess was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1935, on the recommendation of the future double agent Harold "Kim" Philby. After leaving Cambridge, Burgess worked for the BBC as a producer, briefly interrupted by a short period as a full-time MI6 intelligence officer, before joining the Foreign Office in 1944. (Full article...) List of selected biographies Nikita Khrushchev Lavrentiy Beria George Koval El Lissitzky Dmitri Shostakovich Alexei Kosygin Mikhail Suslov Alexander Alekhine Pavel Bure Gennady Yanayev Andrei Kirilenko (politician) Lev Chernyi Eduard Streltsov Vyacheslav Molotov Valentin Pavlov Samantha Smith Ivan Bagramyan Sergo Ordzhonikidze Vladimir Lenin General images The following are images from various Soviet Union-related articles on Wikipedia. Russian troops meeting German troops in No Man's Land (from Russian Revolution) Meeting before the Russian wire entanglements (from Russian Revolution) The New York Times headline from 9 November 1917 (from October Revolution) Republics of the Soviet Union in 1954–1991 (from Soviet Union) A revolutionary meeting of Russian soldiers in March 1917 in Dalkarby of Jomala, Åland (from Russian Revolution) Mikhail Gorbachev in one-to-one discussions with US President Ronald Reagan (left), 1985 (from Soviet Union) The Pan-European Picnic took place in August 1989 on the Hungarian-Austrian border. (from Soviet Union) On 21 December 1991, the leaders of 11 former Soviet republics, including Russia and Ukraine, agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). (from Soviet Union) The elections to the Constituent Assembly took place in November 1917. The Bolsheviks won 24% of the vote. (from October Revolution) Red Guard unit of the Vulkan factory in Petrograd, October 1917 (from October Revolution) Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (left) with US President John F. Kennedy in Vienna, 3 June 1961 (from Soviet Union) U.S. Lend Lease shipments to the USSR. During the war the USSR provided an unknown number of shipments of rare minerals to the US Treasury as a form of cashless repayment of Lend-Lease. (from Soviet Union) Bolshevik (1920) by Boris Kustodiev (from October Revolution) The Petrograd Soviet Assembly meeting in 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Residents of Leningrad leave their homes destroyed by German bombing. About 1 million civilians died during the 871-day Siege of Leningrad, mostly from starvation. (from Soviet Union) The 2nd Moscow Women Death Battalion protecting the Winter Palace as the last guards of the stronghold (from Russian Revolution) Dissolution of the elected Russian Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks on 6 January 1918 (from Soviet Union) Soldiers marching in Petrograd, March 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Murder of the Romanov family, Le Petit Journal (from Russian Revolution) Revolutionaries protesting in February 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War (from Soviet Union) Five Marshals of the Soviet Union in 1935. Only two of them—Budyonny and Voroshilov—survived the Great Purge. Blyukher, Yegorov and Tukhachevsky were executed. (from Soviet Union) Forward gun of Aurora that fired the signal shot (from October Revolution) Anniversary of October Revolution in Riga, Soviet Union in 1988 (from October Revolution) Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev and US President Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II arms limitation treaty in Vienna on 18 June 1979. (from Soviet Union) The Soviet famine of 1930–1933, with areas where the effects of famine were most severe shaded (from Soviet Union) From left to right, the Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill confer in Tehran, 1943 (from Soviet Union) The Battle of Stalingrad, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II (from Soviet Union) "Pogrom in the Winter Palace" by Ivan Vladimirov (from October Revolution) A scene from the July Days. The army has just opened fire on street protesters. (from October Revolution) Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria with Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, on his lap. As head of the NKVD, Beria was responsible for many political repressions in the Soviet Union. (from Soviet Union) Russian peasants holding banners of Lenin (left), Marx (centre) and Trotsky (right) in early Soviet Russia. (from Russian Revolution) The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by Trotsky, Sverdlov, Zinoviev, and Lashevich. (from October Revolution) Lenin, Trotsky and Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution (from Soviet Union) Revolutionaries attacking the tsarist police in the early days of the February Revolution (from Russian Revolution) Map showing greatest territorial extent of the Soviet Union and the states that it dominated politically, economically and militarily in 1960, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 but before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961 (total area: c. 35,000,000 km2) (from Soviet Union) Nikolai Podgorny visiting Tampere, Finland on 16 October 1969 (from Soviet Union) Country emblems of the Soviet Republics before and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union (the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (fifth in the second row) no longer exists as a political entity of any kind and the emblem is unofficial.) (from Soviet Union) European theatre of the Russian Civil War in 1918 (from October Revolution) The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by Trotsky, Sverdlov, Zinoviev and Lashevich. (from Russian Revolution) Russian Civil War in the European part of Russia (from Soviet Union) The Russian famine of 1921–22 killed an estimated 5 million people. (from Soviet Union) Cruiser Aurora (from October Revolution) Soldiers blocking Narva Gate on Bloody Sunday (from Russian Revolution) Construction of the bridge through the Kolyma (part of the Road of Bones from Magadan to Jakutsk) by the prisoners of Dalstroy (from Soviet Union) Lenin, Trotsky and Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution (from October Revolution) Provisional Government's volunteer soldiers secure Petrograd's Palace Square with the Austin Armoured Car, summer 1917. (from Russian Revolution) Petrograd Milrevcom proclamation about the deposing of the Russian Provisional Government (from October Revolution) American, British, and Japanese Troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support to the White Army. (from Russian Revolution) Soviet painting Vladimir Lenin, by Isaac Brodsky (from Russian Revolution) Internally displaced Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh, 1993 (from Soviet Union) T-80 tank on Red Square during the August Coup (from Soviet Union) Russian troops in trenches awaiting a German attack (from Russian Revolution) Selected anniversaries for May International Labor Day - 1 and 2 May - celebrated with elaborate popular parade in the centre of the major cities Radio Day - May 7 - is a commemoration of the development of radio in Russia. Victory Day - 9 May - end of Great Patriotic War, marked by capitulation of Nazi Germany, 1945 More anniversaries ... More Did you know (auto generated) ... that the Soviet Union boycotted the United Nations in 1950? ... that the Lviv branch of the Ukrderzh­nats­menvydav was the main publisher of Polish literature in the Soviet Union by 1941? ... that development of the British UB.109T cruise missile was given "super-priority" in 1951 to ward off an expected attack by the Soviet Union, only to be cancelled after the attack never came? ... that a 1955 satirical comedy play by Kasymaly Jantöshev was one of the first signs of the relaxation of Soviet literary restrictions after the death of Joseph Stalin? ... that Hometown Village is a community of Sakhalin Koreans who were finally allowed to return to South Korea after the dissolution of the Soviet Union? ... that All Nations Baptist Church in New York City is primarily associated with ethnic Koreans of the former Soviet Union? 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(2024-01-08) Main page featured lists List of leaders of the Soviet Union (2011-07-18) Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2016-02-22) Premier of the Soviet Union (2016-12-26) List of battlecruisers of Russia (2021-04-02) First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union (2023-08-11) In the News articles Mikhail Gorbachev (1969-12-31) Vladimir Putin (2004-02-24) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (2008-08-04) Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow (2008-12-07) Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam (2009-08-17) Memorial (society) (2009-10-22) Vitaly Ginzburg (2009-11-09) Yegor Gaidar (2009-12-16) Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (2010-01-01) 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade (2010-05-09) Andrei Voznesensky (2010-06-02) Gennady Yanayev (2010-09-26) Andre Geim (2010-10-05) Konstantin Novoselov (2010-10-05) Yekaterina Gamova (2010-11-14) Katyn massacre (2010-11-26) International Women's Day (2011-03-08) Nikolai Andrianov (2011-03-21) Sergei Bagapsh (2011-05-29) Alexander Sokurov (2011-09-10) GLONASS (2011-10-05) Bolshoi Theatre (2011-10-28) Baikonur Cosmodrome (2011-12-23) Galina Vishnevskaya (2012-12-16) Mikhail Kalashnikov (2013-12-23) Tatiana Samoilova (2014-05-08) Viktor Tikhonov (born 1930) (2014-11-24) Valentin Rasputin (2015-03-18) Maya Plisetskaya (2015-05-02) Yevgeny Primakov (2015-06-26) Galina Prozumenshchikova (2015-07-21) Robert Conquest (2015-08-05) Svetlana Alexievich (2015-10-08) Leonid Zhabotinsky (2016-01-19) Viktor Korchnoi (2016-06-07) Mark Taimanov (2016-11-29) Yevgeny Yevtushenko (2017-04-07) Daniil Granin (2017-07-08) Stanislav Petrov (2017-09-18) 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade (2018-05-30) Baikonur (2018-10-11) Lyudmila Alexeyeva (2018-12-09) Anatoly Lukyanov (2019-01-11) Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (2019-02-03) Nursultan Nazarbayev (2019-03-20) Valery Bykovsky (2019-04-01) Willi Tokarev (2019-08-06) Sergei Kirpichenko (2019-09-07) Irina Bogacheva (mezzo-soprano) (2019-09-23) Alexei Leonov (2019-10-12) Vladimir Bukovsky (2019-10-28) Ivan Ustinov (2020-01-20) Yuri Viktorovich Kuznetsov (2020-01-26) Yevgeny Yuryev (2020-04-27) Maria Itkina (2020-12-03) George Blake (2020-12-27) David Dushman (2021-06-07) Viktor Pavlovich Potapov (2021-06-26) Vladimir Menshov (2021-07-13) Volodymyr Holubnychy (2021-08-20) Viktor Saneyev (2022-01-09) Leonid Kuravlyov (2022-02-04) Oleksandr Oksanchenko (2022-03-06) Russian cruiser Moskva (2022-04-15) Aleksei Parshin (2022-06-24) Oleksiy Zhuravko (2022-09-27) Nikolai Kirtok (2022-10-01) Andrey Titenko (2022-11-04) Volodymyr Kozhukhar (2022-12-09) Yuri Manin (2023-01-14) Ivan Silayev (2023-02-11) Vyacheslav Zaitsev (2023-05-06) Medea Amiranashvili (2023-12-09) Otar Iosseliani (2023-12-19) Nikolai Ryzhkov (2024-03-03) Picture of the day pictures German instrument of surrender2 (2009-05-07) Instrument of surrender Japan2 (2009-09-02) Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W) (2010-05-08) USS Yorktown collision (2011-02-12) Maxim Gorky LOC Restored edit1 (2013-03-28) Yuri Gagarin (1961) - Restoration (2020-03-09) Alexei Leonov (2020-03-18) Field Marshall Keitel signs German surrender terms in Berlin 8 May 1945 - Restoration (2020-05-08) RUS-2016-Murmansk-Icebreaker Lenin 01 (2020-06-08) Moscow Elektrozavodskaya metro station asv2018-09 (2022-02-26) Russian Imperial Family 1913 (2022-07-17) Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Instrument of Surrender, officially ending the Second World War (2022-09-02) 2020-09-16 165855 Soviet submarine B-515 (2023-04-18) Prokofieff (i.e. Prokofiev) LCCN2014708419 Crop 2 (2023-07-25) Main topics Categories Category puzzle Select [►] to view subcategories Soviet Union Soviet Union-related lists Culture of the Soviet Union Economy of the Soviet Union Education in the Soviet Union Events in the Soviet Union Geography of the Soviet Union Health in the Soviet Union History of the Soviet Union Law of the Soviet Union Military of the Soviet Union Organizations based in the Soviet Union Soviet people Politics of the Soviet Union Science and technology in the Soviet Union Society of the Soviet Union Works about the Soviet Union Writers about the Soviet Union Soviet Union stubs Things you can do Привет and welcome! 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